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Steel Grades Explained: S235, S275 and S355
Selecting structural steel is not just a matter of picking the proper beam, column or hollow section. The dimensions of the section itself are as significant as the quality of steel. It effects strength of the material, the structural calculations and in some circumstances the amount of steel required for a project.
The most regularly encountered European structural steel grades are S235, S275 and S355. These designations are used in a range of different products from IPE, HEA and HEB sections to plates, angles and hollow sections. The distinction is simple at first sight, S235, S275 and S355 are increasing strength levels. In practice though the choice between them is a little more considered.
More strength does not necessarily mean better steel. In one project, bending resistance might dictate a structure, whereas in another, deflection, buckling, stability or connection requirements might influence the design. Meaning that using S355 instead of S235 doesn’t automatically allow you to reduce the size or weight of every structural member.
It is also vital to know what these grades of steel numbers actually stand for. The figures of 235, 275 and 355 MPa mentioned are minimum yield strength (Y.S.) values under specified conditions of test although the minimum value applicable can vary with product thickness and the relevant standard. further letters such as JR, J0 or J2 may be added to the full material identification which give further information about the material needs.
Understanding these differences helps engineers, fabricators and procurement teams avoid thinking of structural steel grades as a hierarchy of “lower” to “higher” quality.
In this article we will review steel grades S235, S275 and S355, explain what their designations signify, compare their essential properties and look at how steel grade influences structural performance, material efficiency and project specific steel choices.
What Do S235, S275 and S355 Mean?
The designations S235, S275 and S355 give you some vital information regarding the mechanical properties of structural steel. They may seem like basic product codes, but each section of the identification has a special purpose.
The “S” in the letter “S” is for structural steel. It indicates the material as a grade of steel for structural use in accordance with the applicable European standard.
The figure that follows is the minimum yield strength of the steel in mega-pascals (MPa) for a certain thickness range. Simplified:
- S235 => minimum yield strength 235 Mpa
- S275 – minimum yield strength of 275 N/mm2
- S355 => min yield strength of 355 Mpa
These values make the fundamental distinction between the three grades distinct. S355 has a greater specified yield strength than S275 while S275 has a higher stated yield strength than S235.
But beneath these figures there lies a crucial detail.
Yield Strength Depends on Material Thickness
The values of 235, 275 and 355 MPa shall not be taken as the set yield strengths of all products made to these grades.
Minimum yield strength may decrease with increasing nominal thickness of the steel product under the relevant EN 10025 requirements. So, an S355 plate or section is not always guarantyd to have a minimum yield strength of exactly 355 MPa for every thickness that is available.
This difference is particularly critical when engineers and procurement teams are working with heavy structural sections or thick steel plates. Always examine the actual mechanical requirements against the applicable standard, product thickness and material certificate.
What Is Yield Strength?
The yield strength is the point at which steel begins to plastically deform.
Below this limit steel often behaves elastically. This means that when the load is removed the material recovers largely to its previous shape. Permanent deformation occurs after the yield point is exceeded.
Yield strength is thus one of the basic material qualities used for structural design.
For example, two structurally similar members manufactured from S235 and S355 have a greater required yield strength using the S355 material. Whether this permits the use of a smaller or lighter portion relies, however, on what actually dictates the design.
If the member is controlled by a serviceability criterion such as deflection, buckling or lateral stability, the higher yield strength may not result in a direct reduction in section size.
The Number Is Only Part of the Steel Grade
The full structural steel designation frequently includes other characters. Examples frequently seen on the market are:
S235JR, S275JR, S355JR, S355J0 & S355J2
The added letters give additional information on qualities such as impact toughness criteria and test temperature. Thus, just stating “S355” could not be sufficient information for procurement when a project needs a specific subgrade.
This is why picking a steel grade should not be just a matter of picking the biggest number. S235, S275 and S355 are distinct strength levels in the structural steel specifications. However, the correct selection depends on the structural design, product thickness, toughness requirements, manufacturing conditions and applicable project standards.
S235 Structural Steel
Structural steel S235 is one of the most often used classes in the European structural steel system. It is often utilised in applications where very high material strength is not the major design requirement with a nominal minimum yield strength of 235 MPa for the reference thickness range.
Don’t mistake the reduced yield strength compared to S275 and S355 for lesser quality. S235 is just a different strength class. It can be a viable and inexpensive solution if the calculation loads, dimensions of sections and structural conditions allow its usage.
Where Is S235 Steel Used?
S235 is suitable for a wide range of standard steel construction applications. Typical examples include building structures, secondary steelwork, frames, platforms, supports and a wide variety of fabricated structural components.
It can also be supplied in various product forms, such as structural sections, plates and other hot-rolled steel products, based on the appropriate standard.
It is not only a question of the steel grade whether S235 is suitable for a certain purpose. But, an engineer must take into account aspects like member shape, span, loading circumstances, stability and connection design.
For example, an IPE section of S235 may be enough for one beam in terms of bending resistance but a beam of the same section size but longer span or higher load may require a different section, a higher strength steel grade or both.
S235 and Fabrication
S235 is widely encountered in fabricated steel structures and is generally associated with conventional structural fabrication processes such as cutting, drilling, bolting and welding.
However, weldability should not be judged from the grade name alone. The exact product specification, thickness, chemical composition, carbon equivalent, welding process and fabrication requirements should also be considered.
This becomes particularly important when material thickness increases or when the project includes specific welding and toughness requirements.
S235 Does Not Mean “Low-Quality Steel”
Often people are thinking about S235 vs S275 vs S355 in terms of quality.
They aren’t.
The reason why S355 is specified is because it has a higher minimum yield strength than S235, although this does not make S235 a poor material. If S235 satisfies all the strength, stability, serviceability and project criteria, then specifying a higher strength grade may have no or little practical advantage.
In structural engineering , the goal is not to employ the strongest steel you can get . It involves choosing the right steel grade for the structural performance needed.
This is obvious when S235 is compared with the intermediate strength level of S275 structural steel.
S275 Structural Steel
With a notional minimum yield strength of 275 MPa for the reference thickness range, it is an intermediate alternative for projects where S235 may not give sufficient strength, but where the additional strength of S355 is not necessary required.
This midway position makes S275 suitable in a range of structural applications, however availability and frequency of use may differ based on market, product type and project requirements.
Where Is S275 Steel Used?
S275 can be used in buildings, industrial structures, supporting frames, platforms and other general structural applications. It may be supplied as beams, columns, plates, angles and other structural steel products where the relevant manufacturing standard and product range allow.
Its higher specified yield strength compared with S235 can provide additional resistance without immediately moving to the S355 strength level.
However, the practical benefit depends on the structural design.
Consider two members with identical geometry. If their design is governed primarily by material strength, changing from S235 to S275 may increase the available resistance. If the design is governed by deflection, buckling or another stability criterion, the benefit may be less significant.
This is why steel grade and section size should always be considered together.
S275 as an Intermediate Strength Option
There is a temptation to describe S275 as a compromise between S235 and S355. This is useful in understanding the relative strength levels, but the selection of structural steel is more difficult than picking between low, medium and high strength.
The right grade is a function of loads, member sizes, product thickness, structural system, manufacturing requirements, applicable design standard, etc.
Availability may also have a role in the selection. A grade that seems appropriate during preliminary design may not be the most practical procurement choice if another grade is more easily accessible in the specified section sizes, numbers and delivery schedule.
This is especially critical for international projects where engineering and procurement teams must agree on material specifications before orders are placed.
S275 and Material Specification
As with S235, the designation S275 may not define all material requirements.
Depending on the desired impact hardness and test temperature, sub grades such as S275JR, S275J0 or S275J2 may be specified. Minimum required yield strength may also be a function of product thickness.
Thus the purchase documents should contain the full material designation as required by the project and not merely “S275 steel”.
S275 illustrates a key principle in the selection of structural steels: the best grade is the one that meets engineering and project needs, not always the one with the highest yield strength.
This difference is much more pronounced as compared to S355 structural steel, where a greater strength level can provide chances for structural optimisation, but does not automatically result in a lighter or more economical building.
S355 Structural Steel
S355 structural steel is a high strength type of steel used for buildings , industrial plants , infrastructure projects and many engineering applications. The nominal minimum yield strength is 355 MPa for the reference thickness range, which makes it much stronger than S235 and S275.
The improved strength can be especially helpful in structural elements subjected to larger loads or when engineers want to increase material efficiency. In suitable applications, S355 may enable the needed resistance to be provided by a smaller or lighter piece.
However, this does not indicate that the substitution of S235 or S275 with S355 will automatically lower the steel consumption.
Why Is S355 Widely Used?
One of the benefits of S355 is the possibility of a higher structural resistance without increasing the size of the steel member.
Consider two parts basically identical, but made of S235 and S355. In situations where the design is governed by the material yield strength, the S355 section might have a larger resistance before achieving the stated yield limit.
This makes S355 particularly interesting for the construction of strongly stressed structures, long span systems, industrial steelwork, infrastructure and for projects where the reduction of the weight of the structure is advantageous.
These potential advantages become increasingly crucial as projects grow. Even modest decreases in unit weight can lead to large savings when hundreds or thousands of structural parts are involved.
However, this optimisation should always be proved by structural calculations and not only assumed from the steel grade.
Higher Strength Does Not Always Mean a Smaller Section
A common misconception is that an S355 member can simply replace an S235 member with a smaller section.
Structural design does not work quite that way.
Increasing yield strength improves the material’s resistance to yielding, but it does not produce a comparable increase in Young’s modulus (modulus of elasticity). For conventional structural steels, the elastic modulus is essentially similar across S235, S275 and S355.
This distinction matters because many structural members are not governed solely by yield strength.
A beam, for example, may require a certain section size to satisfy deflection limits. A column may be governed by buckling. An unrestrained beam may be affected by lateral-torsional buckling. Connections, local stability and cross-section classification can introduce further constraints.
In these situations, moving to S355 may increase strength without allowing the section dimensions to be reduced to the same degree.
S355 in Weight-Sensitive Structures
Where strength is the governing criterion, S355 can offer significant opportunities for material optimisation.
Using higher-strength steel may help reduce the total steel tonnage of a structure, which can have effects beyond the cost of the material itself. Lower structural weight can influence transportation, lifting operations, erection and loads transferred to other parts of the structure.
The economic comparison therefore should not be limited to the price per tonne of S235 versus S355.
The more relevant question is the total installed cost of the structural solution.
In some projects, S355 may have a higher material price but lead to lower overall steel consumption. In others, the same section dimensions may still be necessary because stiffness or stability governs the design, reducing the economic advantage of the higher-strength material.
S355 Subgrades and Project Requirements
As with S235 and S275, specifying only “S355” may not be sufficient for procurement.
Common designations include S355JR, S355J0 and S355J2, among others. These subgrades introduce additional requirements, particularly in relation to impact toughness and test temperature.
The required subgrade can become especially important for structures operating at lower temperatures, dynamically loaded structures or projects with specific toughness requirements.
Product thickness must also be considered because the specified minimum yield strength can vary across thickness ranges.
For this reason, S355 should be treated as part of a complete material specification rather than simply as a stronger alternative to S235.
The differences become easier to evaluate when S235, S275 and S355 are compared side by side, including their strength levels, typical applications and implications for structural design.
S235 vs S275 vs S355: Key Differences
S235, S275, S355 steel grades – the difference between S235, S275 and S355 steel grades is their minimum yield strength. But the yield strength alone does not tell the whole story of the performance of each grade in a structural project.
A practical summary of the main distinctions is summarised below:
| Property | S235 | S275 | S355 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steel type | Structural steel | Structural steel | Structural steel |
| Nominal minimum yield strength* | 235 MPa | 275 MPa | 355 MPa |
| Relative strength level | Standard | Intermediate | Higher |
| Structural applications | General structural work | General and moderately demanding structures | Higher-load and strength-sensitive structures |
| Potential for weight optimisation | Limited | Moderate | Higher where strength governs |
| Common subgrades | JR, J0, J2 | JR, J0, J2 | JR, J0, J2 |
* Minimum required yield strength is a function of product thickness and governing product specification.
The growth of raw strength is simple. S275 has an approximately 17% greater nominal yield strength than S235 and S355 has an approximately 51% higher notional yield strength than S235.
S355 also has around a 29% better nominal yield strength than S275.
These variations can be important when material strength is the controlling factor in structural design. But they should not be taken as comparable decreases in section size or steel weight.
Strength Is Only One Part of Structural Performance
Suppose an engineer is evaluating the same structural section in S235 and S355. If the member’s resistance is primarily governed by yielding, the higher-strength S355 material may provide a clear advantage.
If the same member is governed by deflection, however, changing the steel grade may have a much smaller effect. This is because the modulus of elasticity is essentially comparable for conventional structural steel grades, meaning that S355 is not proportionally stiffer than S235.
Similar considerations apply to buckling and stability. A slender compression member cannot necessarily be made dramatically smaller simply because a higher-strength steel is selected. Member length, cross-sectional geometry, restraint conditions and slenderness remain critical.
This is why the relationship between steel grade and section size must always be evaluated through structural calculations.
The Difference Is Not About Steel Quality
S235, S275 and S355 should not be viewed as three levels of manufacturing quality.
An S355 product is not automatically manufactured to a “higher quality” than an S235 product. The designation primarily identifies a different mechanical strength class within the applicable structural steel specification.
All three grades can be appropriate engineering materials when they comply with the required standards, mechanical properties, dimensional requirements and documentation.
The practical question is therefore not:
“Which steel grade is the best?”
It is:
“Which steel grade provides the required performance for this particular structure?”
That distinction is essential because higher steel strength does not automatically result in a better structural solution.
Does Higher Steel Strength Mean a Better Structure?
It is natural to imagine that using a higher-strength steel grade will instantly give you a stronger, lighter and more efficient building. However, the link between steel strength and structural performance is more complex in actuality.
S355 has a greater stated yield strength than S275 and S235 but structural design is more than just the point at which the material starts to give. The final design can be determined by the geometry of the section, member length, support circumstances, loads and stability and serviceability requirements.
Hence choosing S355 instead of S235 does not necessarily lead to a superior structure.
Strength and Stiffness Are Not the Same Thing
One of the most important differences is between strength and stiffness.
Yield strength is the stress at which permanent deformation begins. Stiffness, in contrast, is a measure of how much a material deforms under load, and is very closely connected to the modulus of elasticity.
For the purpose of structural design, S235, S275 and S355 have more or less the same modulus of elasticity. Therefore an S355 beam will have the same cross section and the same span as an S235 beam, but will not be much stiffer just because of the higher yield strength, using the same beam.
This is crucial when the design is governed by deflection.
For example a floor beam may be strong enough in S235 but need to be larger to keep the vertical deflection within the permissible limit. If the material was changed to S355 it would be more resistant to yielding but it would not alleviate the deflection problem in the same proportion.
In such a circumstance, an increase in the steel grade may not be as beneficial as a change in the cross-sectional shape.
Buckling Can Also Control the Design
Columns and other compression members introduce another consideration: buckling.
The resistance of a compression member depends not only on material strength but also on its length, cross-sectional properties, slenderness and restraint conditions. A slender column can become unstable before the full yield strength of the material can be utilised.
The same principle applies to beams susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling.
This means that the higher yield strength of S355 may offer substantial benefits in one structural member but only a limited advantage in another.
When Does Higher-Strength Steel Provide an Advantage?
Higher-strength steel becomes particularly attractive when the design is strongly influenced by material resistance and the section can be reduced without creating problems with stiffness, stability or connections.
In these situations, using S355 may reduce the required cross-sectional area and therefore the total amount of steel in the structure. On large projects, this can translate into lower structural weight and may also affect transportation, lifting and erection requirements.
The benefit must nevertheless be evaluated at the level of the complete structure.
Reducing the dimensions of one member can influence connections, bolts, welds, fabrication details and compatibility with adjoining structural elements. Material availability and procurement cost must also be considered.
The objective of structural design is therefore not to specify the highest steel grade available, but to find an appropriate combination of steel grade, section geometry and structural performance.
This relationship becomes particularly clear when S235, S275 and S355 are considered together with the different structural steel sections in which these grades are supplied.
Steel Grades and Structural Steel Sections
Steel grade and section type are two independent properties of structural steel product. The section designation identifies the geometry of the section and the steel grade defines the material qualities from which that section is formed.
For example , IPE , HEA and HEB are designations of some series of structural sections . S235, S275 and S355 are, however, strong structural steel grades. Therefore, it is not possible to simply say that an IPE section is “stronger” or “weaker” without reference to its dimensions and steel grade.
So a name such as IPE 300 S355 communicates two different pieces of information . IPE 300 defines the section size and geometry , while S355 specifies the specified steel grade .
Which Structural Sections Are Available in S235, S275 and S355?
Depending on the applicable product standard, manufacturer and market availability, these grades can be encountered across a wide range of structural steel products, including IPE sections, HEA and HEB sections, channels, angles, plates and structural hollow sections.
This gives engineers considerable flexibility when designing a steel structure. A project may use different section types and even different steel grades depending on the function of each member.
For example, heavily loaded primary members may benefit from S355, while S235 or S275 may be entirely adequate for secondary members. There is no requirement for every component within a structure to use the same strength grade, provided that the materials specified comply with the engineering design and project requirements.
Section Geometry Remains Critical
Increasing the steel grade does not change the geometry of a section.
An IPE 300 manufactured in S355 has essentially the same nominal section geometry as an equivalent IPE 300 manufactured in S235. What changes is the specified mechanical performance of the steel.
The section’s depth, flange width, web thickness, flange thickness, area and second moment of area remain determined by the section designation and dimensional standard.
This distinction matters because many structural properties depend heavily on geometry.
For beams, section geometry has a major influence on bending stiffness and deflection. For columns, the distribution of material around the section affects buckling behaviour. For hollow sections, geometry also plays an important role in torsional behaviour and local stability.
As a result, engineers select the section and steel grade together, rather than treating them as interchangeable design decisions.
Steel Grade Should Match the Function of the Member
So the best solution could be some combinations in the same project.
An HEB section in S355 may be required for a substantially laden column while a secondary beam may require an IPE section in S235. Again, bracing or other secondary members may have somewhat different needs.
The right combination is established through structural analysis, not by assigning one grade to the whole project.
It can also improve the efficiency of buying. Use of S355 for all members when the greater strength does not give structural benefits may increase material cost or limit availability, but will not improve the performance of the finished building.
Therefore, it is important to understand the difference between steel grade and section type when writing specifications, material lists and purchase orders. What you need to do next is to learn how these grades are specified in the applicable EN 10025 standards, and subgrade designations such as JR, J0 and J2.
EN 10025 and Steel Grade Subgrades
The designation S235, S275 or S355 informs us the strength class of the steel, but this is not necessarily enough information to fully define the material. Many structural steel specifications use additional letters to indicate impact toughness requirements, e.g. JR, J0 and J2.
Hence, instead of S235 or S355 you will find materials called S235JR, S275JR, S355JR, S355J0 or S355J2.
These qualities are particularly relevant when the structure will be exposed to low temperatures, dynamic stress or other conditions where toughness is a major design factor.
What Do JR, J0 and J2 Mean?
JR, J0 and J2 are related to the Charpy V-notch impact test that measures the energy that a steel specimen can absorb when it is impacted at a given temperature.
For structural steels usually specified in EN 10025, the designations represent a minimum impact energy of 27 joules at different test temperatures:
| Subgrade | Minimum Impact Energy | Test Temperature |
|---|---|---|
| JR | 27 J | +20°C |
| J0 | 27 J | 0°C |
| J2 | 27 J | −20°C |
So it’s not just strength that’s different. For example, both S355JR and S355J2 are under the same S355 strength class; nevertheless, they have differing impact toughness standards defined.
S355J2 shall exhibit the specified impact performance at a lower temperature than S355JR.
This distinction can be crucial for structures working in colder conditions or when project standards require greater toughness at lower temperatures.
Where Does EN 10025 Fit In?
The EN 10025 series specifies technical delivery conditions for hot-rolled structural steel products in Europe.
One of the important sections for regularly used non-alloy structural steels is EN 10025-2, covering grades such as the recognised S235, S275 and S355 designations and their related subgrades.
The standard goes beyond nominal yield strength. Depending on the grade and the product, the requirements can include mechanical properties, chemical composition and impact properties, or even delivery circumstances.
When drawing up technical requirements or buying steel, it is necessary to use the whole designation.
For example, simply ordering “S355” may leave several critical needs unspecified. However, both steels are in the S355 strength class, and a project drawing or material specification might call for S355J2, in which case delivering S355JR would not automatically satisfy that requirement.
Material Certificates and Traceability
The mentioned grade should also be the grade of the material paperwork accompanying the steel.
For projects where material verification is to be documented, an EN 10204 Type 3.1 inspection certificate can give information such as the material designation, chemical composition and reported mechanical test results for the provided material.
This provides for verification of steel delivered to the project against the specified specification and supports traceability of material during the procurement and fabrication process.
So, for engineers and procurement teams, the whole steel classification is as important as the headline strength class. S235, S275 and S355 describe the fundamental strength level, with subgrades such as JR, J0 and J2 defining additional performance standards that can be crucial to the project.
S235, S275 or S355: Which Steel Grade Should You Choose?
The choice between S235, S275 and S355 should be based on the structural needs of the project and not on a preference for one strength level or another. Any grade can be the proper choice if it meets the loads, member geometry, fabrication conditions and applicable design requirements.
S235 can be a useful alternative for relatively simple structures if the requisite resistance can be readily attained with normal section sizes. S275 is an intermediate choice if further strength is needed. In more demanding applications, especially in designs where the strength of the material has a considerable influence on section size and structural weight, S355 may give additional scope for optimisation.
But the final decision should be based on the overall structural system.
Start with the Structural Design
The first question is not if S355 is stronger than S235 – it is. The more useful question is whether that extra strength can be actually used.
Applied loads, span and member length, section shape, buckling behaviour, deflection limits and connection design are all considerations for engineers. If the member is governed by strength, a greater steel grade may be used to obtain a lighter section.
If the design is driven by stiffness or stability, then increasing the slope may bring far less advantage.
The same idea applies for different structural items. No IPE beam, HEB column or hollow section should be selected regardless of the steel grade and the steel grade should not be picked irrespective of the structural function of the member.
Consider Fabrication and Project Conditions
Structural calculations are only one part of material selection. The steel must also be suitable for fabrication and the environment in which the finished structure will operate.
Welding requirements, material thickness, toughness, operating temperature and connection details can all influence the specification. This is also where selecting the correct JR, J0 or J2 subgrade becomes important.
Availability should be considered as well. A theoretically efficient grade and section combination may create procurement difficulties if the required material is not readily available in the necessary dimensions or quantities.
For large international projects, early coordination between engineering, fabrication and procurement teams can therefore prevent unnecessary substitutions and delays later in the project.
Look Beyond the Price per Tonne
Comparing steel grades only by their purchase price per tonne can also be misleading.
S355 may carry a different material cost than S235, but if its higher strength allows the structure to use less steel, the total project economics may change. Reduced steel tonnage can influence transportation, handling, fabrication and erection as well as the initial material cost.
The opposite can also occur. If the same section dimensions are required because deflection or buckling governs the design, paying for a higher-strength grade may provide little economic benefit.
The relevant comparison is therefore not simply:
S235 price vs S355 price
but rather the total cost and performance of the completed structural solution.
Ultimately, there is no universal answer to whether S235, S275 or S355 is the best steel grade. S235 may be entirely sufficient for one structure, S275 may provide the appropriate balance for another, while S355 may offer substantial material efficiency in a strength-sensitive design.
The correct choice is the grade that satisfies the engineering requirements while also considering fabrication, availability, documentation and overall project cost.
Selecting the Right Structural Steel Grade
European building and engineering projects typically use the structural steel grades S235, S275 and S355. The numbers easily show their basic strength relationship but the correct grade takes more than just choosing the highest value.
S235 remains a very practical choice for many general structural applications when the strength is enough for the design. S275 has an intermediate strength level. S355 can give better potential for material and weight optimisation where strength is a governing factor.
The important thing is that steel grade is only one portion of structural performance. The final design is influenced by section geometry, member length, loading circumstances, deflection, buckling, connections and manufacturing requirements. The enhanced yield strength can be of great advantage, but only if the structural system is able to exploit it effectively.
Material parameters should also go beyond the basic S235, S275 or S355 spec. When issuing the project specifications and purchase orders, consideration should be given to the requisite JR, J0 or J2 subgrade, product thickness, applicable standard and inspection paperwork.
This is particularly applicable to multinational projects, as technical specifications must be consistent with the material being supplied. EN 10204 Type 3.1 inspection certificates and adequate traceability of materials help verify the steel delivered to the project is the right grade, with documented qualities.
The IMG Group provides structural steel products in the grades of S235, S275 and S355 for construction, industrial and engineering projects. Depending on the project requirements structural sections, plates and other steel products can be delivered in the specified dimensions, grades and subgrades together with the applicable material documentation.
The goal at the end of the day is not to employ the strongest steel that you can find. It is to choose the proper steel grade, in the suitable section, for the right structural application.